Determination of sodium in water by flame photometer.

 Determination of sodium in water by flame photometer.

AIM:

To determine the amount of sodium present in a given sample by flame photometer method.

PRINCIPLE:

When the sample is introduced in the nebulizer of flame photometer, the solvent is evaporated and remaining solid particles become gas when burning in flame.the gaseous atoms go excited when absorbing heat energy.excited electron return to ground state while absorbed light is emitted.the emitted light passes through the lens and slit to momochromator.then splitted light wavelength detected by detector.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1)Flame photo meter(Elico CL 378).

2)Gas cylinder.

3)Air pressure apparatus. 

4)discharge container.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:

1)Sodium chloride.

2)Reagent grade water.

Determination of Ph and conductivity of water.

STANDARDS AND PREPARATIONS:

1)1000mg/l Nacl stock solution:

Dry Sodium chloride salt in oven at 140 degree Celsius for an hour.weight 2.542g of dried sodium chloride.dissolve it in 1000ml of reagent grade water.

2)5mg/l Nacl solution:

0.5ml of stock sodium chloride solution make up to 100ml with reagent grade water.

3)10mg/l Nacl solution:

1.0ml of stock sodium chloride solution make up to 100ml with reagent grade water.

4)15mg/l Nacl solution:

1.5ml of stock sodium chloride solution make up to 100ml with reagent grade water.

5)20mg/l Nacl solution:

2.0ml of stock sodium chloride solution make up to 100ml with reagent grade water.

6)25mg/l Nacl solution:

2.5ml of stock sodium chloride solution make up to 100ml with reagent grade water.

Determination of sulphate and sulphite in water.

PROCEDURE:

Wipe the nebulizer pipe of flame photometer and dip in a small container containing distilled water.turn on the air pressure apparatus that connected to flame photometer.then turn on gas cylinder that also connected to flame photometer.now switch on the flame photometer.set the pressure 10 psi.then turn on the flame and adjust the the flame height to a visible medium.you can now observe nebulizer suction occure and water flow through a pipe to discharge container.

Flame photometer Cl 378 can run with it display or can connect to a system. 

Now the flame  photometer questions will be displayed as:

STEP-1:samples are not saved. save now?

Ans: No.

STEP-2:Select "Calibrate" option.

STEP-3:Select "General".

STEP-4:Select " Sodium".

STEP-5:Select "Segemental"

STEP-6: Type number of standards(if five standards,Enter 5).

STEP-7: Enter the concentrations of standard solutions(5,10,15,20,25).

STEP-8:will you verify entered concentration?

Ans: "Yes" if you have any doubt in entered concentration. 

Ans : "No" if you no having doubt.

STEP-9:Your mid range reference?

Ans: if you run five standards,3 is the mid range.

STEP-10:Feed the blank - dip the nebulizer pipe in to blank and Press "Enter".

STEP-11:Feed the distilled water to clean - remove the pipe from blank,wipe with tissue paper.then dip in to  distilled water.

STEP-12: Feed the standard 1 - the process is same as STEP-11 for all standards.

After running standards:

STEP-13: Save this curve?

Ans: "Yes" if you want to get the calibration curve.

STEP-14: Print your calibration verification table?

Ans: "Yes" if you want.

STEP-15: Select " Samples"

STEP-16:  Feed the sample 1 - same process as STEP-11.you can check that your standards are correct by running as samples.

STEP-17: after running samples,

Enter "Escape" > " View > Samples(Your RESULTS).

Determination of Nitrate and Nitrite in water.

ABOUT SODIUM

Discovery:

1807 - Humphrey Davy

Atomic number - 11

Mass number - 22.989769

oxidation states+1, −1

Electron configuration 2-8-1 or  1s2,2s2,2p6,3s1.

Percentage in Earth:

2.6% - Sodium.

Occurrence:

Halite - a rock salt(mineral form of sodium chloride).

Exist as:

Sodium chloride (Nacl).

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

Sodium hypochlorite.

Disodium hydrogen phosphate.

Sodium sulphate.

Sodium sulphide.

Disodium salt of EDTA,Etc.

Physical properties:

Sodium is a Soft metal.can be cut with knife.

melting point = 97.81 °C (208 °F).

boiling point =  882.9 °C (1,621 °F).

specific gravity = 0.971 (20 °C).

Determination of total hardness of water.

Chemical properties:

Sodium react with halogens to form stable salt.

Two moles of sodium react with one no of chlorine molecules to form two moles of sodium chloride.

2Na + Cl2 -----> 2NaCl

One mole of sodium react with one mole of fluorine to form sodium fluoride.

Na + F -------> NaF 

Sodium in Food:

Sodium chloride,fish,salted pickles,bread,pizza,salted nuts,etc.

Hazards:

Sodium metal + water ---> Explosion (Danger).

Sodium hydroxide + water ---> Heat that burn our skin.